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Bosnia is located in the western Balkans, bordering Croatia (932 km) to the north and south-west, Serbia (302 km) to the east, and Montenegro (225 km) to the southeast. The country is mostly mountainous, encompassing the central Dinaric Alps. The northeastern parts reach into the Pannonian basin, while in the south it borders the Adriatic. The country has only 20 kilometers (12 mi) of coastline, around the town of Neum in the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton. Although the city is surrounded by Croatian peninsulas, by United Nations law, Bosnia has a right of passage to the outer sea. Neum has many hotels and is an important tourism destination. The country's name comes from the two regions Bosnia and Herzegovina, which have a very vaguely defined border between them. Bosnia occupies the northern areas which are roughly four fifths of the entire country, while Herzegovina occupies the rest in the south part of the country. The major cities are the capital Sarajevo, Banja Luka in the northwest region known as Bosanska Krajina, Bijeljina and Tuzla in the northeast, Zenica and Doboj in the central part of Bosnia and Mostar, the capital of Herzegovina.
Bosnia is home to three ethnic "constituent peoples": Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats. Tensions between the three constitutional peoples remain high and often provoke political disagreements.
A Y-chromosome haplogroups study published in
2005 found that "three main groups of Bosnia-Herzegovina, in spite of some
quantitative differences, share a large fraction of the same ancient gene pool
distinctive for the Balkan area".
According to the 1991 census, Bosnia and
Herzegovina had a population of 4,377,033. Ethnically, 1,902,956 (43%) were
Bosniak, 1,366,104 (31%) Serbs, and 760,852 (17%) Croats, with 242,682 (6%)
Yugoslavs. The remaining 2% of the population - numbering 104,439 - consisted of
various other ethnicities. According to 2000 data from the CIA World Factbook,
Bosnia's largest ethnic groups are Bosniaks (48%), Serbs (37%) and Croats (14%).
There is a strong correlation between ethnic identity and religion in Bosnia and
Herzegovina: Muslims constitute 45% of the population, Serb Orthodox 36%, Roman
Catholics 15%, and other groups, including Jews and Protestants, 4%.
Large
population migrations during the Yugoslav wars in the 1990s have caused
demographic shifts in the country. No census has been taken since 1991, and
political disagreements have made it impossible to organize one. Nevertheless, a
census has been planned for the year 2011. Since censuses are the only
statistical, inclusive, and objective way to analyze demographics, almost all of
the post-war data is simply an estimate. Most sources, however, estimate the
population to be about four million, representing a decrease of 350,000 since
1991.
Bosnia faces the dual problem of rebuilding a war-torn country and
introducing market reforms to its formerly centrally planned economy. One legacy
of the previous era is a greatly overstaffed military industry; under former
leader Josip Broz Tito, military industries were promoted in the republic,
resulting in the development of a large share of Yugoslavia's defense plants but
fewer commercially viable firms. For the most of Bosnia's history,
agriculture has been based on small and inefficient privately owned farms; food
has traditionally been a net import for the republic.
The war in the 1990s
caused a dramatic change in the Bosnian economy. GDP fell 75% and the
destruction of physical infrastructure devastated the economy. While much of the
production capacity has been restored, the Bosnian economy still faces
considerable difficulties. Figures show GDP and per capita income increased 10%
from 2003 to 2004; this and Bosnia's shrinking national debt being positive
trends, but high unemployment and a large trade deficit remain cause for
concern.
The national currency is the Euro-pegged Convertible Mark (KM),
controlled by a currency board. Annual inflation is the lowest relative to other
countries in the region at 1.9% in 2004. The international debt was $3.1 billion
(2005 est) - the smallest amount of debt owed of all the former Yugoslav
republics. Real GDP growth rate was 5% for 2004 according to the Bosnian Central
Bank of BiH and Statistical Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Bosnia and
Herzegovina has one of the highest income equality rankings in the world,
ranking eighth out of 193 nations.
According to Eurostat data, Bosnia and
Hercegovina's PPS GDP per capita stood at 30 per cent of the EU average in 2008.
The south part of Bosnia has Mediterranean climate and a great deal of agriculture. Central Bosnia is the
most mountainous part of Bosnia featuring predominate mountains Vlaić,
Čvrsnica, and Prenj. Eastern Bosnia also features mountains like Trebević,
Jahorina, Igman, Bjelanica and Treskavica. It was here that the 1984 Winter
Olympics were held.
Eastern Bosnia is heavily forested along the river Drina,
and overall close to 50% of Bosnia and Herzegovina is forested. Most forest
areas are in Central, Eastern and Western parts of Bosnia. Northern Bosnia
contains very fertile agricultural land along the river Sava and the
corresponding area is heavily farmed. This farmland is a part of the
Parapannonian Plain stretching into neighboring Croatia and Serbia. The river
Sava and corresponding Posavina river basin hold the cities of Brčko, Bosanski
amac, Bosanski Brod and Bosanska Gradis ka.
The northwest part of Bosnia is
called Bosanska Krajina and holds the cities of Banja Luka, Prijedor, Sanski
Most, Cazin, Velika Kladua and Bihać. Kozara National Park is in this forested
region.
Sarajevo International Airport (IATA: SJJ, ICAO: LQSA), also known as Butmir Airport, is the main international airport in Bosnia and Herzegovina, located 3.3 NM (6.1 km; 3.8 mi) southwest of the railway station[132] in the city of Sarajevo in the suburb of Butmir.
Railway operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina are successors of the Yugoslav Railways within the country boundaries following independence from the Former Yugoslavia in 1992.
More Information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia Herzegovina
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